New York Probate Lawyer Blog

A year ago, the State of New York joined a growing number of states by legalizing same-sex marriage. The LGBT community rejoiced in their victory, claiming equal status in their marriages and all the legal benefits that go along with it.

The legally-minded members of the LGBT community had long argued that sexual orientation discrimination was a considerable problem in medical emergencies and end-of-life scenarios. After all, in a marriage each spouse holds the power to make decisions on behalf of the other when the other is experiencing a medical emergency or is close to death. Absent a living will or alternative health care proxy, the heterosexual spouse is presumed to know what medical directives are appropriate, including whether to terminate life support measures.

It is not surprising that, before the same-sex marriage bill, disputes arose as to whether a same-sex partner could be entrusted with these decisions when no documentation existed. It was not uncommon for life-long partners to be left out of the decision-making process altogether, or even denied hospital visitation privileges because they were not the "spouse." It is not difficult to imagine a hypothetical scenario in which young heterosexual newlyweds could be entrusted with these decisions for one another, while the 30-year monogamous homosexual partner of another patient could be denied access altogether.

The same-sex marriage bill has alleviated some of this concern. Once the bill was signed, LGBT couples gained the power to decide emergency and end-of-life scenarios for their partner if their partner did not have documentation drafted for that purpose. That being said, New York estate planning attorneys strongly caution against LGBT couples being lulled into a sense of security since the passage of the state marriage law. Living wills and a health care proxy are still essential documents, even if the LGBT couple is married.

Here's why. Each state has its own stance on same-sex marriage. While New York has been part of the growing minority of same-sex marriage states for a year now, many states have not followed suit. As a result, if a same-sex married couple were to travel to another state in which same-sex marriage is not recognized, the emergency and end-of-life privileges that normally would attach at home may go unrecognized. That means that if there was an emergency situation, the same-sex spouse may be denied the spousal privilege to make the important medical and end-of-life decisions.

For this reason, New York City estate planners strongly encourage same-sex married couples to craft living wills and a health care proxy in spite of any spousal privilege they may enjoy within their own state. The living will can take the uncertainty out of the ailing person's wishes in the event of a life-threatening medical emergency. The health care proxy can explicitly assign the healthy spouse as the decision-making authority if unforeseen circumstances occur.

Both documents are essential tools for the LGBT couple, even in spite of the civil rights advancements of the last several years. Take the fear and uncertainty out of an emergency or end-of-life scenario, and make sure power to decide remains in the rightful hands.

In addition to these issues, married New York same-sex couples are still denied a myriad of federal benefits. The Defense of Marriage Act defines marriage as between a man and a woman for federal purposes, creating a cascade of estate planning issues for married same-sex couples in our state. A full set of estate planning documents including a Last Will, Durable Power of Attorney and Living Trust should be considered and implemented so that all uncertainty regarding personal and property decisions are eliminated.

A qualified New York Trusts and Estate Lawyer can assist with reviewing and creating these documents as well as examining any additional issues regarding possible estate tax planning and Article 81 Guardianship for incapacity.

Continue reading "Same-Sex Married Couples Still Need New York Estate Planning Help" »

Back in 2001, Congress passed legislation that had drastic effects on the estate tax. That year, a decedent could pass up to $675,000 to their heirs tax-free. Any funds in excess of that amount were taxed between 35-55%. Each year after that for the first decade of the new millennium, the tax-free threshold increased in increments, culminating in a tax-free threshold of $3.5 million in 2009.

Then, in 2010, Congress temporarily repealed the estate tax altogether, effective for that year only. At the end of the 2010 session, Congress reinstated the estate tax with a temporary tax-free threshold of $5 million per person, effective through December 31, 2012. As a result of this temporary measure, the vast majority of Americans were, and still are, able to pass the entirety of their estate's value to their heirs without incurring tax penalties. However, the time in which to take advantage of this expansive tax-free loophole is quickly dwindling.

The consequences could be drastic. A person with a substantial estate (let's say $3 million) who dies on December 31, 2012 will be able to transfer their entire estate value tax-free. By contrast, someone who has a $3 million estate and dies on January 1, 2013 will have a substantial chunk of their estate wiped out by taxes. On that date, the taxable threshold will fall to $1 million. In the example of our second individual, 2/3 of the estate will therefore be subject to taxation of 35% or more. Our second decedent's heirs will see substantially less money than our first decedent's heirs.

This is not to say that people with substantial estates should endeavor to depart this world before the effective date. What it does mean, however, is that someone with a substantial estate who shows no signs of ill health should begin exploring alternative strategies for protecting their estate assets.

A popular option for people in these situations is to create what is called an irrevocable trust. The primary characteristic of an irrevocable trust is that once the trust's creator transfers the assets into the trust, the creator is effectively unable to withdraw the assets. Instead, the power to withdraw from the trust is wholly that of the beneficiaries.
The reason irrevocable trusts have become popular options is that they are an effective alternative to protect assets and project who will benefit from the assets. The classic case in which an irrevocable trust would work is for a parent with substantial assets who wishes to devise all of his or her assets equally between his or her children. Instead of all assets beyond the $1 million tax-free threshold being heavily taxed at the decedent's death, the same assets are protected in a trust, which enjoys considerably more tax protections.

New York estate planners strongly urge all persons to consider the implications of the impending expiration of the current estate tax law. Even if you don't intend to expire before the end of the year, its expiration could drastically affect your distribution of assets to your loved ones. Consider the aid of a New York estate lawyer, who can help you determine how to take care of your loved ones when you are gone.

Continue reading "Time Dwindling for Estate Tax Laws" »

New York estate settlement is not an easy task. While estate lawyers assist their clients with probating New York Wills as well as finding and collecting estate assets, paying estate taxes and other debts and obligations, these procedures can be extremely complex.

The ownership of estate assets such as real estate or bank accounts is often the subject of estate litigation. When drafting a Last Will or beginning estate planning, it is fundamentally important to obtain all information regarding the ownership of the testator's assets. Without full and complete information, the estate plan and Will and Trust papers that are prepared can turn a simple estate into one filled with litigation in the Surrogate's Courts.

Real estate ownership typically is the center of many controversies because of its high value and the different ways title can be owned. For example, real estate that is jointly owned with rights of survivorship or by spouses, known as tenants by the entirety, passes automatically from one owner to the other upon death. However, realty that is owned as tenants in common is basically owned in separate shares by the tenant in common owners and does not automatically pass to the other owners upon death. The decedent's estate is entitled to receive the interest of the deceased tenant in common owner.

After a person dies, it is often startling to discover that real estate that had been assumed to be owned as, tenants in common, was really owned as a joint tenancy and the decedent's estate and beneficiaries receive no interest in the property which passes automatically to the joint owner. Moreover, the ownership of property can be even more complicated based upon other variables such as real estate contracts, divorces or marriage separations and agreements that relate to the real estate ownership.

Such was the case in The Matter of Scola, which was decided by Surrogate Peter J. Kelly, Queens Surrogate's Court, on May 9, 2012 and reported in the New York Law Journal on May 18, 2012. In Scola, the decedent and his wife had owned a residence as tenants by the entirety. The parties had signed a Separation Agreement but were still married at the time of the husband's death. The Court found that the Separation Agreement did not provide an adequate expression of intent to prevent the entire property from passing automatically to the wife upon the husband's death.

Given an opportunity to fully analyze and understand the results that would transpire upon the death of either party, perhaps the husband and wife in Scola would have changed the title on the property prior to the husband's death to prevent this automatic transfer.

Continue reading "New York Title to Real Estate Often Complicates Estate Administration" »

Many New Yorkers worry about the possibility that their pets will outlive them. Many more make the mistake of thinking that a standard Last Will is sufficient to look after their pets' interests when they die. Any New York estate planning attorney would caution that this is not necessarily the case.

Pets & The Standard Will
The assumption that a standard Will is enough to look after Fido once his owner is gone is based on sound legal principle. At common law, pets are treated as chattel, meaning that they are moveable items of property, not unlike livestock, your car, or the computer from which you read this article. Whatever sentimental attachment we give to pets has no bearing on their ability to be treated like any other item of property, whose owners are free to devise to their beneficiaries in a Will.

But when is a Will insufficient to look after your pet? You may have carefully selected which of your friends or relatives was most appropriate for the job. You may even have discussed the care of your pet with this person and drafted a corresponding Will provision to cover the expense of the pet's care. What you may not have thought about, however, is what might happen to your pet during the probate process. It can take months or even years to effectively administer your Will, especially if the Will is contested. During this lengthy process, your pet may be left in a state of limbo at best or perhaps given away to a shelter at worst.

The Pet Trust
A better alternative is becoming more popular in a growing number of jurisdictions. The majority of states, including New York, allow for the creation of what is commonly termed a "pet trust." A New York pet trust is a legal instrument in which a pet's owner sets aside a sum of money exclusively for the pet's future care. Like in a normal trust, the creator of a pet trust names a trustee or trustees whose responsibility will be to use the funds from the trust to care for the pet.

If you love your pet, selecting a pet trustee should be a solemn consideration for your pet's well-being. If you own a dog, your pet trustee should be the type of person who has the room and capacity to care for a dog. In selecting a pet trustee, the pet owner should give careful consideration to things like the trustee's home environment, including their children, their other pets, and any potential allergy issues. You owe it to your furry friend to provide a comfortable and happy environment, and you owe it to your trustees to ensure that the care for your pet is something they are happy to do - not forced to do.

A New York trust and estate lawyer can explain the requirements and limitations of a New York pet trust and help you evaluate whether a pet trust should be your last gift to man's best friend.

Continue reading "New York Estate Planners Can Help Protect Pets" »

Most New Yorkers expect to live until a ripe old age. What happens, though, when a person outlives their projected life expectancy? In many cases, the assets that ordinarily would have been passed down in the person's estate instead become the source from which living expenses are paid. As a result, a person who long outlives their life projections can inadvertently cause considerable financial impact on the beneficiaries of his or her estate.

The Worry
Of course, this is not to say that elders should not endeavor to live the longest and happiest lives they can muster. Medical breakthroughs are enabling people to survive catastrophic medical emergencies at a higher rate, while pharmaceutical research is producing drugs that better control latent medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers. There is, however, the concern among many New Yorkers that modern medicine may produce the unintended consequence of outliving their assets, thereby depleting their estate.

Longevity Insurance
According to a recent article in Kiplinger Magazine, there is a modern solution to this growing concern. Many financial service companies - citing primarily advances in medicine - have begun to offer policies in what is commonly called "longevity insurance." According to the article, thirty percent of women and twenty percent of men can expect to survive into their nineties. The purpose of longevity insurance, then, is to insure against the financial strain of such longevity by paying a monthly benefit to cover healthcare and living expenses once the policyholder reaches a predetermined age.

The typical longevity insurance policy requires the payment of a large lump-sum premium. Once the premium is collected, the policy guarantees disbursements of income on a monthly basis in the event the policyholder reaches a certain age (usually 85). If the policyholder lives well beyond the age on the policy, the insurance company must still make the monthly income payments to the policyholder, even if the payment of such income begins to exceed the initial lump-sum premium payment. If, on the other hand, the policyholder fails to reach the agreed-upon age, the insurance company typically pockets the entirety of the lump-sum premium.

New York City estate planning attorneys understand that the value of longevity insurance is exceptionally personal and tied to one's individual circumstances. For example, persons with major health issues, past and/or present, may wish to forego such coverage, while persons in good health may find such coverage more attractive. Similarly, those with a greater number of estate beneficiaries may be more inclined to insure against longevity than those with comparably fewer estate beneficiaries.

New York Estate Planning
A New York estate planning attorney is best equipped to evaluate one's estate situation and to determine - in light of New York's particular laws - whether longevity insurance is a viable and prudent option. After all, what good is an ironclad will if there is a reasonable likelihood that one's estate assets may not be around for one's beneficiaries to enjoy? A good estate planner is there to guard your assets against any contingencies that may arise. Don't overlook the most fortunate of contingencies: that you may far outlive your life expectancy.

Continue reading "How your Longevity May Devalue your Estate" »